0.367 Xu

0.42 Xu

0.446 Xu

0.573 Xu

$0.36 f_{ck} X_u$

$0.41 f_{ck} X_u$

$0.446 f_{ck} X_u$

$0.53 f_{ck} X_u$

$0.36 f_{ck}$

$0.41 f_{ck}$

$0.446 f_{ck}$

$0.53 f_{ck}$

Tensile strain in steel reaches yield value while maximum compressive strain in concrete is less than its ultimate crushing strain

Maximum tensile stress in steel reaches its permissible value while maximum compressive stress in concrete is less than its permissible value

Maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches ultimate crushing value while tensile strain in steel is less than its yield value

Maximum compressive stress in concrete reaches its permissible value while tensile stress in steel is less than its permissible value

0.53 d

0.48 d

0.45 d

0.43 d

$d-0.446 X_u$

$d-0.87 X_u$

$d-0.36 X_u$

$d-0.42 X_u$

0.15%

1.5%

4%

1%

Supports

Mid span

Every section

Quarter span

Crushing of concrete

Yielding of steel

Crushing of steel

None of above

$M_{ulim}=0.148 f_{ck} b{d}^2$

$M_{ulim}=0.138 f_{ck} b{d}^2$

$M_{ulim}=0.133 f_{ck} b{d}^2$

$M_{ulim}=0.130 f_{ck} b{d}^2$