$\frac{{\mathrm{\pi }}^2\mathrm{E}}{{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{KL}}{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}^2}$

${\mathrm{\pi }}^2\mathrm{EKLr}$

$\frac{{\mathrm{\pi }}^2\mathrm{E}}{{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{KL}}{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}^{}}$

$\frac{{\mathrm{\pi }}^2\mathrm{E}}{{\left(\mathrm{KLr}\right)}^2}$

${\mathrm{Xf}}_{\mathrm{y}}$

$\frac{{\mathrm{Xf}}_{\mathrm{y}}}{{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}}$

$\frac{\mathrm{X}}{{\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}}$

${\mathrm{Xf}}_{\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}$

${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{y}}+{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}$

${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{y}}$

${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}$

$\frac{{\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{y}}}{{\mathrm{Ƴ}}_{\mathrm{mo}}}$

275 kN

375.4 kN

453 kN

382 kN

Can not be compared

Smaller

Greater

Equal to

Lacing and battens should not be provided on opposite sides of same member

Lacing system should not be uniform throughout length of column

Single and double laced systems should be provided on opposite sides of same member

Single laced system on opposite of main component shall be in opposite direction view from either side

5 %

1 %

4.3 %

2.5 %

Effective length shall be taken as length between inner end bolts / rivets of bars for single lacings

Effective length shall be taken as length between inner end bolts / rivets of bars for double lacings

For welded bars, effective length shall be taken as 0.9 times distance between inner end welds connecting single bars to members

Effective length shall be taken as 1.5 times length between inner end bolts / rivets of bars for double lacing

$\frac{1}{{40}^{\mathrm{th}}}$

$\frac{1}{{60}^{\mathrm{th}}}$

$\frac{1}{{70}^{\mathrm{th}}}$

$\frac{1}{{30}^{\mathrm{th}}}$