Width of building

Material of column

Cross section configuration

Length of column

Failure stress will be greater than yield stress

Failure stress will be less than yield stress

Failure stress will equal yield stress

Failure stress will be twice the yield stress

L $\le$ 88.5 r

L  $\ge$ 88.5 r

L  $\ge$  125 r

L > 150r

Not buckle

Buckle inelastically

Buckle plastically

Buckle elastically

Seismic load

Initial lack of straightness

Residual stress

Variation of material properties

By increasing load

By spreading material of section towards its axis

By spreading material of section away from its axis

By spreading material of section at its axis

One having different moment of inertia about any axis through its center of gravity

One having same moment of inertia about any axis through its center of gravity

One having larger length

one made up of costly material

Tubes have low buckling strength

Tubes have same radius of gyration in all direction

Tubes do not have torsional resistance

Weight of tubular section is more than the weight required for open profiles sections

Increasing member length causes reduction in stiffness

Decreasing member length cause reduction in stiffness

Member with high stiffness will buckle early than that with low stiffness

Stiffness of member is not influenced by amount and distribution of material in cross section of column

To sustain seismic loads only

For aesthetic appearance

Used when rolled section do not furnish required sectional area

For resisting bending moment