The rule of Universal Instantiation (UI for short) says that we can infer any sentence obtained by substituting a ground term (a term without variables) for the variable.

The corresponding Existential Instantiation rule: for the existential quantifier is slightly more complicated. For any sentence a, variable v, and constant symbol k that does not appear elsewhere in the knowledge base.

"What among the following could the universal instantiation of ___________ For all x King(x) ^ Greedy(x) => Evil(x)"

Lifted inference rules require finding substitutions that make different logical expressions looks identical.

For resolution to apply, all sentences must be in conjunctive normal form, a conjunction of disjunctions of literals.

Which among the following could the Existential instantiation of ∃x Crown(x) ^ OnHead(x, Johnny)?

"Translate the following statement into FOL. “For every a, if a is a PhD student, then a has a master degree”"

A representation in which the control information necessary to use the knowledge is embedded in the knowledge itself